On Mpu Tanakuṅ, Daṅ Hyaṅ Nirartha, and the Authorship of the Bhuvanakośa
Abstract
This article takes as a point of departure the first Sanskrit verse of the Sanskrit-Old Javanese Śaiva scripture Bhuvanakośa, which has come down to us in Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts. It argues that this verse forms an introductory hymn (maṅgala or stuti) praising Śiva and, at the same time, revealing the identity of the compiler of the text—whether genuine or fictively attributed ex post—through a “signature” expressed by means of a Sanskrit word hinting at the name Tanakuṅ, an author of Old Javanese literary and religious works who lived in the 15th century. It then elaborates on the socio-historical and religious background of that period, and links the figure of Tanakuṅ and the texts ascribed to him to Ḍaṅ Hyaṅ Nirartha, an important Balinese religious figure who is believed to have been active on the island between the late 15th and early 16th century.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acri, A. “The Sanskrit-Old Javanese Tutur Literature from Bali. The Textual Basis of Śaivism in Ancient Indonesia”, Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici 1 (2006): 107–137.
Acri, A. “The Sanskrit Colophon of the Tanjung Tanah Codex and its Malay Gloss as Illuminated Balinese and South Asian Parallels”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 171 (2015a): 56–68.
Acri, A. “Revisiting the Cult of ‘Śiva-Buddha’ in Java and Bali”. In Buddhist Dynamics in Premodern and Early Modern Southeast Asia, edited by C. Lammerts, 261–82. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. 2015b.
Acri, A. Dharma Pātañjala; A Śaiva Scripture from Ancient Java Studied in the Light of Related Old Javanese and Sanskrit Texts, Second Edition. Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. [First edition: Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 2011]. 2017.
Acri, A. “Vedāntic Analogies Expressing Oneness and Multiplicity and Their Bearing on the History of the Śaiva Corpus. Part I: Pariṇāmavāda”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 49/4 (2021a): 535–569.
Acri, A. “Vedāntic Analogies Expressing Oneness and Multiplicity and Their Bearing on the History of the Śaiva Corpus. Part II: Vivartavāda”, Journal of Indian Philosophy 49/4 (2021b): 571–601.
Acri, A., and T.M. Hunter Jr. “Translation as Commentary in the Sanskrit–Old Javanese Didactic and Religious Literature from Java and Bali”, Medieval Worlds 11 (2020): 213–240.
Babad Brāhmaṇa: Romanised transcription, Leiden Cod.Or. 13.733.
Bhomāntaka: see Teeuw 2005.
Bhuvanakośa: in-progress critical edition and translation by Andrea Acri, based on several palm-leaf manuscripts. Unpublished.
Brandes, J.L.A. Oud-Javaansche Oorkonden: nagelaten transcripties. Edited by Nicolaas Johannes Krom, Parts 1 and 2. Batavia; ’s-Hage: Albrecht; Nijhoff. 1913.
Budha Gautama, Wayan. Tutur Bhuwana Koṣa. Surabaya: Paramita. 2009.
Darma Putra, IGA. “Manggala Kakawin Bhomȃntaka [Petunjuk Penting Pengarang]”, draft paper presented at the Rembug Sastra Purnama Badrawada, 1 October 2020, Denpasar. Unpublished.
Dharma Palguna, Ida Bagus Made. Dharma Śūnya; Memuja dan meneliti Śiwa, ed. and (Indonesian) trans. PhD dissertation, Leiden University. 1999.
Dvijendratattva: Dwijendra Tattwa. Edited and translated by I.B.G Agastia. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1992–1993.
Friederich, R.H. “Over de godsdienst van Bali”. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 11 (1849): 318–328.
Friederich, R.H.Th. The civilization and culture of Bali. Translated to English by R. Rost. Calcutta: Susil Gupta [originally “Voorlopig verslag van het eiland Bali”, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 22, pp. 1-63, and 23, pp. 1-57, 1849-1850]. 1959.
Goris, Roeloef. Bijdragen tot de kennis der Oud-Javaansche en Balineesche theologie. Dissertation, Leiden University. 1926.
Griffiths, A. “Rediscovering an Old Javanese Inscription: Mpu Mano’s Donation in Favor of a Buddhist Dignitary in 888 Śaka”, Archipel: Études Interdisciplinaires Sur Le Monde Insulindien 99 (2020): 107–141.
Hunter, T.M., Jr. “Wrttasañcaya Reconsidered”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 157 (2001): 65–96.
Jñānasiddhānta. See Soebadio 1971.
Kakavin Dharma Putus: Romanised transcription, Leiden Cod.Or. 19.526.
Kakavin Dharma Śūnya and Kakavin Dharma Putus: Ms.Or.fol 410, Berlin Staatsbibliothek.
Kiduṅ Dharma Pitutur: Kidung Jayendriya (Grantang), Romanized transcription, Denpasar: Kantor Dokumentasi Budaya Bali, 1993.
Mirsha, I Gusti Ngurah Rai, et al. 1994. Buana Kosa. Alih aksara dan alih bahasa (Brahma Rahasyam). Denpasar: Upada Sastra.
Monier-Williams, M. Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1899.
Nihom, M. “Dīksā, kalā and the stuti of Śiwarātrikalpa 33.1-2”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 153 (1997): 103–111.
Pigeaud, Th.G.Th. Java in the 14th Century. A Study in Cultural History. The Nagara-Kĕrtāgama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 A.D. Volume I: Javanese Texts in Transcription. Third edition, revised and enlarged. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1960.
Poerbatjaraka, R. “Nirartha-Prakreta”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 107 (1951): 201–225.
Robson, S. “Notes on the early Kidung literature”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 135 (1979): 300–322.
Rubinstein, R. “The Brahmana According to Their Babad”. In State and Society in Bali: Historical, Textual and Anthropological Approaches, edited by Hildred Geertz. Ledien: KITLV Press. 1991.
Rubinstein, R. Beyond the realm of the senses: The Balinese ritual of kekawin composition. Leiden: KITLV Press. 2000.
Sanderson, A.G.J.S. “The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period”. In Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo, 41–349. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. 2009.
Sidomulyo, H. “Notes on the Topography of Ancient Java: Identifying Four Sīma Territories from the Majapahit Period”. In Writing for Eternity: A Survey of Epigraphy in Southeast Asia, edited by Daniel Perret, 223–241. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient. 2018.
Soebadio, H. Jñānasiddhānta; Secret Lore of the Balinese Śaiva Priest. The Hague: Nijhoff. 1971.
Supomo, S. Arjunawijaya: A kakawin of Mpu Tantular; Introduction and Text, Vol. 1. The Hague: Nijhoff. 1977.
Teeuw, A. Bhomāntaka: The Death of Bhoma. Leiden: KITLV Press. 2005.
Teeuw, A., Th.P. Galestin, S.O. Robson, P.J. Worsley and P.J. Zoetmulder. Śiwarātrikalpa of Mpu Tanakung: An Old Javanese Poem, its Indian Source and Balinese Illustrations, ed. and trans. The Hague: Nijhoff. 1969.
Usana Bali Mayāntaka: Romanised transcription, Leiden Cod.Or. CB75.
Vr̥ttasañcaya: Wrtta-Sancaya; Oudjavaansch leerdicht over versbouw. In Kawi-tekst en Nederlandsche vertaling, edited by H. Kern. Leiden: Brill. 1875.
Worsley, P., S. Supomo, T. Hunter, and M. Fletcher. 2013. Mpu Monaguṇa’s Sumanasāntaka: An Old Javanese epic poem, its Indian source and Balinese illustrations. Leiden: Brill.
Zieseniss, A. “Studien zur Geschichte des Śivaismus: die śivaitische Systeme in der altjavanischen Literatur”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, land- en volkenkunde 98 (1939): 75–223.
Zoetmulder, P.J. Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1974.
Zoetmulder, P.J. Old Javanese-English Dictionary. (With the collaboration of S.O. Robson; 2 vols). ’s-Gravenhage: Nijhoff. 1982.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37014/jumantara.v13i1.1150
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Sekretariat:
Pusat Jasa Informasi Perpustakaan dan Pengelolaan Naskah Nusantara - Perpustakaan Nasional RI
Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan, Nomor 11, Jakarta Pusat